New fiscal stimulus – boosting further rally or creating reasons for concern?

• Plans to introduce another $1.9 trillion fiscal stimulus in USA enhanced stock market participation and euphoria, which ironically contributed to market sell‑off in late January
• Additional government spending could support further rally in asset prices, but potential increase in taxes, public debt and speculative behavior may lead to unexpected negative outcomes

January 2021 was rather ambiguous month for equity markets. Start of the year happened on a positive note, as new fiscal stimulus measures, COVID‑19 vaccinations, decent corporate financial results and Joe Biden with democrats becoming in charge in USA continued to support rally from late 2020. However, last week of January crossed out early achievements, as unprecedented short squeeze in certain stocks made investors wary of potential vulnerabilities in already overbought market. As a result, most of global indices finished month relatively flat in terms of EUR based performance.  

Performance of global equities (MSCI ACWI EUR index)

Source: Bloomberg

Speaking of positive developments for the markets, we mainly should note current political landscape in USA and plans of new fiscal stimulus. After Georgia Senate elections on January 5^th, democrats in essence grabbed full control of US congress, and after 20^th of January Joe Biden became new president in USA. Between these dates we witnessed rather awkward attempts by Donald Trump to block outcomes of elections, which resulted in storm of Congress building by some of Trump’s most radical supporters, Trump becoming banned from social platforms, and new impeachment trial launched by democrats. But, overall, financial markets did not give much credit to risks linked to Trump’s unwillingness to leave presidential office, and were more concerned on how next fiscal stimulus announced by Joe Biden may look like.

On 14^th January or less than a month from previous $900 billion stimulus package passed in Congress, Joe Biden indeed announced intention to introduce another much larger stimulus bill now equal to $1.9 trillion and which also includes larger checks  to population compared to what was distributed early this year ($1400 vs $600). To outside observer, such need to create much more government spending may look rather irresponsible, as it would make already record high US budget deficit even much larger. But on closer look, it becomes clear that, unfortunately, there are not many alternatives apart from additional government spending, how to avoid USA and thus World from entering another deep recession in current circumstances. Due to COVID‑19 restrictions large number of businesses would have already been either bankrupt or closed without funds received from the government, at the same time consumption levels would have already collapsed as unemployed and business owners would not have additional money available for spending or in worst cases to simply pay rent. 

So the cause of new stimulus measures is rather noble for the economy and those people in need, however, this time around additional fiscal measures may not be so particularly beneficial for the financial markets or their stability. Key reasons come from the fact, that government spending needs to be financed and two ways how to do it is either to increase taxes or issue more government debt. 

US budget balance as % of GDP

Source: Bloomberg

During election process democrats and Biden multiple times mentioned that if elected they might introduce higher corporate taxes and higher taxes for high net worth individuals. Now, given real need for additional sources of income and no potential obstacles from republicans, new legislation on higher taxes may indeed be introduced. As a result, it may lead to lower net profits of corporations and lower purchasing power of wealthy individuals in relation to their ability to acquire financial assets. Fundamentally speaking, for equities higher taxes are definitely negative.

Alternatively, US government may finance all extra spending simply by issuing more public debt. In case such debt would be fully purchased by the FED, no major immediate negative consequences are likely to appear. Otherwise, it would increase supply of treasuries in the market, causing treasury yields to rise higher. 

3 US 10‑year treasury yield

Source: Bloomberg

Higher bond yields obviously decrease prices of bonds, but may put negative pressure on equities as well. First of all, with higher yields bonds are able to generate higher return and become relatively more attractive for investment compared to already expensive equities. Secondly, and even more importantly in current market environment, higher bond yields increase discount rate used to value equities, especially hurting “growth” companies, which dominate equity indices at the moment, and especially so in USA¹.  

Forward P/E valuation metric of selected indices

Source: Bloomberg

There is however, one other reason, why too much fiscal stimulus may be dangerous for stability of financial markets, especially while COVID‑19 restrictions are still in place. This reason is creation of speculative impulses among population to trade in stocks with desire to make “a quick buck”. Two main factors influence such behavior. First of all, through checks and other fiscal stimulus measures, population (and even those, who are unemployed) is being provided with additional funds that they can spend or save. Secondly, by staying predominantly at home and having much more free time with fewer things to do, there is a tendency among people out of boredom to become more addicted to gambling². Combination of these two factors makes people more and more interested in trading and investing, as it offers lucrative way how to use spare cash and create excitement in the process, especially when they hear stories of those who got earlier in the market last year and already realized solid gains.

So no surprise that with Biden plans of new stimulus, by the end of January speculative behavior of US population became truly euphoric. Such behavior can be visualized by certain financial ratios (e.g small trader calls bought to open), but it is way easier just to give you one simple fact. Most downloaded app in iPhone app store at the end of January in USA was free trading app Robinhood³. Not popular TikTok, Youtube, Facebook or some other social platforms, but application that allows you to trade fast and for free.  

But many of these small traders entering the market went even step further. Through social platform Reddit, they decided to coordinate their trading efforts and make targeted purchases in selected companies. Key aim became beaten down stocks with high short interest, where professional hedge funds expect price of companies to decline (due to bankruptcy risks or some other considerations). And such coordination actually worked, especially so in company Gamestop, which in about two weeks increased by 2700% (!!!) due to massive short squeeze, as small traders in cooperation were actively buying, and hedge funds had to close their short positions in this idea and moreover liquidate some of their other purchased holdings to have enough liquidity to cover losses. 

Short squeeze and its later unwind

Source: Bloomberg

Usually what happens in one or several not so large stocks is not so important for the whole market. However, when several billion companies start changing in price by 20‑100%+ in a day all at once, stability of financial markets may become vulnerable. That is why due to Gamestop saga, many successful hedge funds have already reported double digit losses in January, as they experienced unexpected losses, which were hardly imagined to happen before. In addition, already mentioned most popular broker Robinhood had to limit trading in the platform, and even ask its owners for extra capital, just because it became impossible to model risk on whether company has enough funds to obey regulatory financial requirements. Sell‑off in the markets in last week of January was largely influenced by these worries, as large investors decided to take some profits on abnormal volatility.

Hopefully, described events are just an outlier and will not be repeating going forward, but if euphoria will continue to remain high, we should not exclude that more and more assets with time would be driven not by fundamental investment related reasons, but purely by speculation. 

Otherwise, moving into February key item to follow would be US policy decisions with fiscal package in main spotlight. In addition, hopefully, we will get more clarity on vaccinations and COVID‑19 trends. Due to some vaccine rollout delays, especially in Europe, by the end of January it was still too early to draw any conclusions on when lockdowns could be ended and life would return back to normal in most countries. February may change this situation, impacting markets as well.

¹This impact is determined by the process called Discounted Cash Flow method, where to estimate fair value of equity all future cash flows of the company need to be discounted to present time. For “growth” companies, where largest proportion of future income would be generated only after many years, higher discount rate leads to more significant negative revision to present value.
²Some of the articles that describe such behavior in more detail can be found here: 
Bloomberg.com: Bored Day Traders Locked at Home Are Now Obsessed With Options
Forbes.com: Researchers Find An Uptick In Trading Might Be Caused By Stay-At-Home Boredom
³Based on data collected by App Annie